Methods and systems for generating graphical content through physical system modelling

ABSTRACT

Graphic arts software has evolved to provide users with a variety of mark making tools to simulate different brushes, papers, and applied media such as ink, chalk, watercolour, spray paint and oils. However, in many instances the marks rendered appear unnatural and artificial despite the software&#39;s goal being to simulate as realistically. Accordingly, it would be beneficial to provide either users or the software application with a mechanism to remove or reduce artifacts indicative of artificial generation, e.g. rapid transitions. Further, in many instances the graphic images generated and/or manipulated refer to imagined environments or have elements that are physical in nature. Accordingly, it would be beneficial to provide users with a range of mark making tools that represent marks made by mark making tools comprising multiple elements following physical laws.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication 62/035,538 filed Aug. 11, 2014 entitled “Methods and Systemsfor Generating Graphical Content Through Physical System Modelling”, theentire contents of which are included by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to digital imagery and more particularly toreducing visual perceptions of digital generation and providing markmaking tools simulating physical systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Digital graphics and digital image editing are the processes of creatingand/or modifying digitally generated or digitally acquired and storedimage data. Using specialized software programs, users may create,generate, manipulate, edit and transform images in a variety of ways.These digital image editors may include programs of differingcomplexity, such as limited-purpose programs associated with acquisitiondevices (e.g., digital cameras and scanners with bundled or built-inprograms for managing brightness and contrast); limited editors suitablefor relatively simple operations such as rotating and cropping images;and professional-grade programs with large and complex feature sets.Similarly, digital graphics editors may include programs of differingcomplexity, such as limited-purpose programs associated with acquisitiondevices (e.g., digital cameras and scanners with bundled or built-inprograms for managing colour balance or applying specific graphicseffects); limited editors suitable for relatively simple graphicsgeneration (e.g., for example as part of general suites of software forbusiness and/or residential users); and professional-grade programs withlarge and complex feature sets (e.g., simulating different artisticformats such as watercolour, calligraphy, pastels, oils, etc. withvarious applicators including various brushes, pens, air brushes,markers, sponges and knives).

Digital graphics and digital images may include, for example,“formatted” graphics and/or graphics data for use in generating an imagewith a digital graphics editor suite prior to “printing” the final orinterim image. Accordingly, such graphics and images may include rastergraphics, vector graphics, or a combination thereof. Raster graphicsdata (also referred to herein as bitmaps) may be stored and manipulatedas a grid of individual picture elements called pixels. A bitmap may becharacterized by its width and height in pixels and also by the numberof bits per pixel. Commonly, a colour bitmap defined in the RGB (red,green blue) colour space may comprise between one and eight bits perpixel for each of the red, green, and blue channels. Another commonlyused representation is a CMYK colour space. In these and other colourspace representations, an alpha channel may be used to store additionaldata such as per-pixel transparency values (or the inverse-opacityvalues). For example, per-pixel data representing paint on a brush toolor on a canvas may include a set of colour values (e.g., one perchannel) and an opacity value for the paint. In contrast vectorsgraphics are generally characterized by the use of geometricalprimitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygons, all ofwhich are based on mathematical expressions, to represent images alongwith boundary information (e.g. stroke line style and colour) and fillinformation (e.g. fill style and colour).

An operation often provided by digital graphics and digital imageeditors is the use of a virtual “paintbrush” (also referred to herein asa “brush”, “brush tool”, or mark making tool) to modify a digital imageby depositing virtual paint or virtual ink. Various prior approacheshave attempted to model a real-world brush and its behavior in thecontext of such an operation. For example, a two-dimensional (2D) rasterimage may be created to represent the shape of the brush as it contactsthe canvas, and the 2D image may be stamped repeatedly along the inputpath. In another approach, a vector representation of the brush tip hasbeen used instead of a 2D raster image.

Some existing digital painting applications create strokes by repeatedlyapplying a stamp at incremental positions along a path. The stampconsists of a 2D array of pixels that represent what the “brush” lookslike at an instant in time. By repeatedly applying the stamp at closespacing, the effect of the brush being dragged continuously across thecanvas is created, in the form of an elongated stroke. Some existingapplications provide multiple settings for users to control theappearance of the stroke, e.g. size, opacity, mark making tool, andbrush style. However, such applications led to uniform marks being madeby the mark making tool along the stroke as the same process as appliedby the software application at each point along the stroke. Accordingly,most existing applications in order to increase the realism of strokesby simulating varying user tool handling, pressure, angle of tool, etc.provide for the application of predefined functions and/or jitter to thevalues of the mark making tool within the stroke. Predefined functionsaddress, for example, the initial or final stages of a stroke for theapplication of a brush to canvas whilst jitter addresses the interveningsection of the stroke. In this manner, a brush stroke may be simulatedas having increasing pressure at the beginning of stroke, somevariability in pressure during the stroke, and decreasing pressure atthe end of the stroke.

However, a problem with this approach is that the results can oftenyield, either through combining it with variations in other aspects ofthe stroke or solely, to strokes with mark making tools that arerendered by the software application being unnatural and appearingartificial despite the goal of the software application being tosimulate as realistically as possible physical graphics image generatingtechniques such as painting with watercolours. Accordingly, it would bebeneficial to provide either users or the software application with amechanism to remove or reduce artifacts indicative of artificialgeneration, e.g. rapid transitions.

In a wide variety of applications the graphic images being generatedand/or manipulated refer to imagined environments or have elements thatare physical in nature. For example, science fiction art can representanything from an alien character through to an imagined view of agalaxy, solar system etc. Accordingly, it would be beneficial to provideusers with a range of mark making tools that do not mimic a mark makingtool such as a brush, air brush, pen, etc. but rather represent marksmade by mark making tools comprising multiple elements followingphysical laws.

Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparentto those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the followingdescription of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction withthe accompanying figures.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to address limitations withinthe prior art relating to digital imagery and more particularly toreducing visual perceptions of digital generation and providing markmaking tools simulating physical systems.

In accordance with an embodiment of the invention there is provided amethod of generating a mark making tool impression having acharacteristic determined by a pseudo-random variable during itsgeneration comprising adding a predetermined noise function to anoriginal mark making tool impression generated in dependence upon atleast the pseudo-random variable.

In accordance with an embodiment of the invention there is provided amethod of generating a mark making tool impression comprising:

-   establishing a mark making tool comprising at least one particle of    a plurality of particles;-   associating a property to each particle of the plurality of    particles;-   applying at least one physical effect to the plurality of particles    during the generation of an impression using the mark making tool.

In accordance with an embodiment of the invention there is provided amethod of generating a mark making tool impression comprising:

-   establishing a mark making tool comprising at least one particle of    a plurality of particles;-   associating a property to each particle of the plurality of    particles;-   applying at least one physical effect to the plurality of particles    during the generation of an impression using the mark making tool;    and-   varying an aspect of the at least one physical effect in dependence    upon a characteristic of a controller being used by a user to    generate the mark making tool impression.

Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparentto those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the followingdescription of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction withthe accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way ofexample only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein:

FIG. 1A depicts a network environment within which embodiments of theinvention may be employed;

FIG. 1B depicts a wireless portable electronic device supportingcommunications to a network such as depicted in FIG. 1A and assupporting embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 1C depicts home screen of a digital graphics editor, digitalpainting, application according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 2, 3A and 3B depict examples of effect naturalization applied todifferent marks generated with a mark making tool according toembodiments of the invention;

FIG. 4A depicts user help screen and general particle interface forparticle mark making tools according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4B depicts examples of particle mark making tools according to anembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 depicts examples of flow particle mark making tool presetsaccording to embodiments of the invention within a digital graphicseditor, digital painting, application;

FIG. 6 depicts examples of gravity particle mark making tool presetsaccording to embodiments of the invention within a digital graphicseditor, digital painting, application;

FIG. 7 depicts examples of spring based mark making tool presetsaccording to embodiments of the invention within a digital graphicseditor, digital painting, application;

FIG. 8 depicts examples of marks generated by a pair of spring basedmark making tool presets according to embodiments of the inventionwithin a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application;

FIG. 9A depicts an effect of an expression, force, upon a flow particlemark making tool according to an embodiment of the invention within adigital graphics editor, digital painting, application;

FIG. 9B depicts the effects of position jitter and randomized chaos onflow particle mark making tool strokes according to an embodiment of theinvention within a digital graphics editor, digital painting,application;

FIG. 10 depicts an effect of particle count upon a flow particle markmaking tool according to an embodiment of the invention within a digitalgraphics editor, digital painting, application;

FIGS. 11 to 14 depicts the effect of global and local chaos onto a flowparticle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the inventionwithin a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application;

FIG. 15 depicts the particles with increasing particle count for a flowparticle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the inventionwithin a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application;

FIG. 16 depicts the effect of flow mapping upon flow particle markmaking tools according to embodiments of the invention within a digitalgraphics editor, digital painting, application;

FIGS. 17 and 18 depict the effects of spin and velocity expression ofspin respectively for gravity particles within a gravity particle markmaking tool according to an embodiment of the invention within a digitalgraphics editor, digital painting, application;

FIG. 19 depicts spring particle configurations for spring particle markmaking tools according to embodiments of the invention within a digitalgraphics editor, digital painting, application;

FIG. 20 depicts the effect of spring stiffness upon a mesh springparticle mark making tools according to embodiments of the inventionwithin a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application;

FIG. 21A depicts the effect of global chaos upon a mesh spring particlemark making tools according to embodiments of the invention within adigital graphics editor, digital painting, application;

FIG. 21B depicts the effects of opacity and spring length upon a springparticle mark making tools according to embodiments of the inventionwithin a digital graphics editor, digital painting, application;

FIG. 22 depicts the effects of global and local chaos upon particlepositioning for particles within a ring spring particle mark making toolaccording to an embodiment of the invention within a digital graphicseditor, digital painting, application; and

FIG. 23 depicts the effects of global and local chaos upon particlepositioning for particles within a particle mark making tool accordingto an embodiment of the invention within a digital graphics editor,digital painting, application.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is directed to digital imagery and moreparticularly to reducing visual perceptions of digital generation andproviding mark making tools simulating physical systems.

The ensuing description provides exemplary embodiment(s) only, and isnot intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of thedisclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the exemplaryembodiment(s) will provide those skilled in the art with an enablingdescription for implementing an exemplary embodiment. It beingunderstood that various changes may be made in the function andarrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope asset forth in the appended claims.

A “portable electronic device” (PED) as used herein and throughout thisdisclosure, refers to a wireless device used for communications andother applications that requires a battery or other independent form ofenergy for power. This includes devices, but is not limited to, such asa cellular telephone, smartphone, personal digital assistant (PDA),portable computer, pager, portable multimedia player, portable gamingconsole, laptop computer, tablet computer, and an electronic reader.

A “fixed electronic device” (FED) as used herein and throughout thisdisclosure, refers to a wireless and/or wired device used forcommunications and other applications that requires connection to afixed interface to obtain power. This includes, but is not limited to, alaptop computer, a personal computer, a computer server, a kiosk, agaming console, a digital set-top box, an analog set-top box, anInternet enabled appliance, an Internet enabled television, and amultimedia player.

A “software application”, also referred to as an “application” or “app”,as used herein may refer to, but is not limited to, a “standalonesoftware application”, an element of a “software suite”, a computerprogram designed to allow an individual to perform an activity, acomputer program designed to allow an electronic device to perform anactivity, and a computer program designed to communicate with localand/or remote electronic devices. An application thus differs from anoperating system (which runs a computer), a utility (which performsmaintenance or general-purpose chores), and a programming tools (withwhich computer programs are created). Generally, within the followingdescription with respect to embodiments of the invention an applicationis generally presented in respect of software permanently and/ortemporarily installed upon a PED and/or FED.

An “enterprise” as used herein may refer to, but is not limited to, aprovider of a service and/or a product to a user, customer, or consumer.This includes, but is not limited to, a retail outlet, a store, amarket, an online marketplace, a manufacturer, an online retailer, acharity, a utility, and a service provider. Such enterprises may bedirectly owned and controlled by a company or may be owned and operatedby a franchisee under the direction and management of a franchiser.

A “service provider” as used herein may refer to, but is not limited to,a third party provider of a service and/or a product to an enterpriseand/or individual and or group of individuals and/or a device comprisinga microprocessor. This includes, but is not limited to, a retail outlet,a store, a market, an online marketplace, a manufacturer, an onlineretailer, a utility, an own brand provider, and a service providerwherein the service and/or product is at least one of marketed, sold,offered, and distributed by the enterprise solely or in addition to theservice provider.

A ‘third party’ or “third party provider” as used herein may refer to,but is not limited to, a so-called “arm's length” provider of a serviceand/or a product to an enterprise and/or individual and/or group ofindividuals and/or a device comprising a microprocessor wherein theconsumer and/or customer engages the third party but the actual serviceand/or product that they are interested in and/or purchase and/orreceive is provided through an enterprise and/or service provider.

A “user” as used herein may refer to, but is not limited to, anindividual or group of individuals whose biometric data may be, but notlimited to, monitored, acquired, stored, transmitted, processed andanalysed either locally or remotely to the user wherein by theirengagement with a service provider, third party provider, enterprise,social network, social media etc. via a dashboard, web service, website,software plug-in, software application, graphical user interfaceacquires, for example, electronic content. This includes, but is notlimited to, private individuals, employees of organizations and/orenterprises, members of community organizations, members of charityorganizations, men, women, children, teenagers, and animals. In itsbroadest sense the user may further include, but not be limited to,software systems, mechanical systems, robotic systems, android systems,etc. that may be characterised by providing a gesture or data relatingto a gesture to a software application.

A “wearable device” or “wearable sensor” relates to miniature electronicdevices that are worn by the user including those under, within, with oron top of clothing and are part of a broader general class of wearabletechnology which includes “wearable computers” which in contrast aredirected to general or special purpose information technologies andmedia development. Such wearable devices and/or wearable sensors mayinclude, but not be limited to, smartphones, smart watches, e-textiles,smart shirts, activity trackers, smart glasses, environmental sensors,medical sensors, biological sensors, physiological sensors, chemicalsensors, ambient environment sensors, position sensors, neurologicalsensors, drug delivery systems, medical testing and diagnosis devices,and motion sensors.

“Electronic content” (also referred to as “content” or “digitalcontent”) as used herein may refer to, but is not limited to, any typeof content that exists in the form of digital data as stored,transmitted, received and/or converted wherein one or more of thesesteps may be analog although generally these steps will be digital.Forms of digital content include, but are not limited to, informationthat is digitally broadcast, streamed or contained in discrete files.Viewed narrowly, types of digital content include popular media typessuch as MP3, JPG, AVI, TIFF, AAC, TXT, RTF, HTML, XHTML, PDF, XLS, SVG,WMA, MP4, FLV, and PPT, for example, as well as others, see for examplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_formats. Within a broaderapproach digital content mat include any type of digital information,e.g. digitally updated weather forecast, a GPS map, an eBook, aphotograph, a video, a Vine™, a blog posting, a Facebook™ posting, aTwitter™ tweet, online TV, etc. The digital content may be any digitaldata that is capable of being at least one of generated, selected,created, modified, and transmitted with a software application allowinga user of the software application to generate, select, create, modify,and edit visual and/or audiovisual content within the digital content.

Reference to a “document” as used herein may refer to, but is notlimited to, any machine-readable and machine-storable work product. Adocument may be a file, a combination of files, one or more files withembedded links to other files, etc. The files may be of any type, suchas text, audio, image, video, etc. Parts of a document to be rendered toan end user can be thought of as “content” of the document. A documentmay include “structured data” containing both content (words, pictures,etc.) and some indication of the meaning of that content (for example,e-mail fields and associated data, HTML tags and associated data, etc.).In the context of the Internet, a common document is a Web page. Webpages often include content and may include embedded information (suchas meta-information, hyperlinks, etc.) and/or embedded instructions(such as Javascript, etc.). In many cases, a document has a unique,addressable, storage location and can therefore be uniquely identifiedby this addressable location such as a universal resource locator (URL)for example used as a unique address used to access information on theInternet. “Document information” as used herein may refer to, but is notlimited to, may include any information included in the document,information derivable from information included in the document(referred to as “document derived information”), and/or informationrelated to the document (referred to as “document related information”),as well as an extensions of such information (e.g., information derivedfrom related information). An example of document derived information isa classification based on textual content of a document. Examples ofdocument related information include document information from otherdocuments with links to the instant document, as well as documentinformation from other documents to which the instant document links.

A “mark making tool”, also referred to as a “mark tool” or “markingtool”, as used herein may refer to, a tool for applying a visual effectto a graphics image within a software application including, forexample, a graphics generating tool, a graphics editing tool, and animage processing tool. Accordingly, a mark making tool may simulate realand unreal systems for the application, removal, or modification ofinformation including, but not limited to, colour, texture, and contentto a graphics image. As such a mark making tool may include, but is notlimited to, a brush, an air brush, a pen, a pencil, a nib, a spray can,a sprayer, a sponge, a knife, a mathematical algorithm, a physicalsystem of elements obeying physical laws, and a physical system obeyingnon-physical laws.

A “gesture”, also referred to as a “motion” or “input”, as used hereinmay refer to, an action resulting in the movement and/or action of amark making tool relative to a graphics image within a softwareapplication including, for example, a graphics generating tool, agraphics editing tool, and an image processing tool. As such a gesturemay include, but not be limited to, a swipe, a tap, a motion, a press,and a click captured by the software application through an interfaceincluding, but not limited to, image processing, image capture, audiocommand, a user interface and a haptic interface.

A “gesture characteristic”, also referred to as a “gesture expression”or an “expression”, as used herein may refer to an aspect of a gestureexploited within a software application to modify a value relating to amark making tool within the software application. As such as a gesturecharacteristic or expression may include, but not be limited, tovelocity, direction, pressure, wheel, tilt, bearing, rotation, source ofthe gesture, and random. A source of the gesture may include, but not belimited to, a touchpad, a stylus, a mouse, keypad, keyboard,accelerometer or accelerometer derived data, tracked motion of a user ora predetermined portion of a user, an external image source, an externalaudiovisual source, an external multimedia source, biometric data of auser, and an item of environmental data. An expression or gesturecharacteristic may be applied to one or more behaviours/aspects of amark making tool including, but not limited to, global chaos, localchaos, smoothness, damping, jitter, number, count, weighting, force,direction, mapping, colour, colour variability, resaturation, bleed,feature, grain, concentration, setting rate, viscosity, wetness, opacityand hardness.

A “user interface”, also referred to as a “controller” or “hapticinterface”, as used herein may refer to a device and/or system capturingone or more actions of a user and providing these to a softwareapplication. Accordingly, a user interface may include an imagecapture/processing system, a gesture recognition system, a stylus, awearable device, a touchscreen, a keypad, a mouse, a touchpad, a tablet,an accelerometer, and a motion recognition system.

Referring to FIG. 1A there is depicted a network environment 100 withinwhich embodiments of the invention may be employed supporting graphicsediting systems and graphics editing applications/platforms (GESGEAPs)according to embodiments of the invention. Such GESGEAPs, for exampleincluding digital graphics editor and digital painting applications. Asshown first and second user groups 100A and 100B respectively interfaceto a telecommunications network 100. Within the representativetelecommunication architecture a remote central exchange 180communicates with the remainder of a telecommunication service providersnetwork via the network 100 which may include for example long-haulOC-48/OC-192 backbone elements, an OC-48 wide area network (WAN), aPassive Optical Network, and a Wireless Link. The central exchange 180is connected via the network 100 to local, regional, and internationalexchanges (not shown for clarity) and therein through network 100 tofirst and second cellular APs 195A and 195B respectively which provideWi-Fi cells for first and second user groups 100A and 100B respectively.Also connected to the network 100 are first and second Wi-Fi nodes 110Aand 110B, the latter of which being coupled to network 100 via router105. Second Wi-Fi node 110B is associated with Enterprise 160, e.g.Disney Pixar™, within which are other first and second user groups 100Aand 100B. Second user group 100B may also be connected to the network100 via wired interfaces including, but not limited to, DSL, Dial-Up,DOCSIS, Ethernet, G.hn, ISDN, MoCA, PON, and Power line communication(PLC) which may or may not be routed through a router such as router105.

Within the cell associated with first AP 110A the first group of users100A may employ a variety of PEDs including for example, laptop computer155, portable gaming console 135, tablet computer 140, smartphone 150,cellular telephone 145 as well as portable multimedia player 130. Withinthe cell associated with second AP 110B are the second group of users100B which may employ a variety of FEDs including for example gamingconsole 125, personal computer 115 and wireless/Internet enabledtelevision 120 as well as cable modem 105. First and second cellular APs195A and 195B respectively provide, for example, cellular GSM (GlobalSystem for Mobile Communications) telephony services as well as 3G and4G evolved services with enhanced data transport support. Secondcellular AP 195B provides coverage in the exemplary embodiment to firstand second user groups 100A and 100B. Alternatively the first and seconduser groups 100A and 100B may be geographically disparate and access thenetwork 100 through multiple APs, not shown for clarity, distributedgeographically by the network operator or operators. First cellular AP195A as show provides coverage to first user group 100A and environment170, which comprises second user group 100B as well as first user group100A. Accordingly, the first and second user groups 100A and 100B mayaccording to their particular communications interfaces communicate tothe network 100 through one or more wireless communications standardssuch as, for example, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15, IEEE 802.16, IEEE802.20, UMTS, GSM 850, GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900, GPRS, ITU-R 5.138,ITU-R 5.150, ITU-R 5.280, and IMT-1000. It would be evident to oneskilled in the art that many portable and fixed electronic devices maysupport multiple wireless protocols simultaneously, such that forexample a user may employ GSM services such as telephony and SMS andWi-Fi/WiMAX data transmission, VOIP and Internet access. Accordinglyportable electronic devices within first user group 100A may formassociations either through standards such as IEEE 802.15 and Bluetoothas well in an ad-hoc manner.

Also connected to the network 100 are Social Networks (SOCNETS) 165,first and second graphics editors 170A and 170B respectively, e.g.Corel™ Painter™ and Adobe™ Illustrator, first and second web basedgraphic editors 170C and 170D respectively, e.g. PhotoCommander™ andFatPaint™, and first and second video editing tools 175A and 175Brespectively, e.g. Corel™ MobileStudio™ and Cinnerla™, as well as firstand second servers 190A and 190B which together with others, not shownfor clarity. First and second servers 190A and 190B may host accordingto embodiments of the inventions multiple services associated with aprovider of graphics editing systems and graphics editingapplications/platforms (GESGEAPs); a provider of a SOCNET or SocialMedia (SOME) exploiting GESGEAP features; a provider of a SOCNET and/orSOME not exploiting GESGEAP features; a provider of services to PEDSand/or FEDS; a provider of one or more aspects of wired and/or wirelesscommunications; an Enterprise 160 exploiting GESGEAP features; licensedatabases; content databases; image databases; content libraries;customer databases; websites; and software applications for download toor access by FEDs and/or PEDs exploiting and/or hosting GESGEAPfeatures. First and second primary content servers 190A and 190B mayalso host for example other Internet services such as a search engine,financial services, third party applications and other Internet basedservices.

Accordingly, a graphics designer and/or user (GRADUS or user) mayexploit a PED and/or FED within an Enterprise 160, for example, andaccess one of the first or second primary content servers 190A and 190Brespectively to perform an operation such as accessing/downloading anapplication which provides GESGEAP features according to embodiments ofthe invention; execute an application already installed providingGESGEAP features; execute a web based application providing GESGEAPfeatures; or access content. Similarly, a GRADUS may undertake suchactions or others exploiting embodiments of the invention exploiting aPED or FED within first and second user groups 100A and 100Brespectively via one of first and second cellular APs 195A and 195Brespectively and first Wi-Fi nodes 110A.

Now referring to FIG. 1B there is depicted an electronic device 1204 andnetwork access point 1207 supporting GESGEAP features according toembodiments of the invention. Electronic device 1204 may, for example,be a PED and/or FED and may include additional elements above and beyondthose described and depicted. Also depicted within the electronic device1204 is the protocol architecture as part of a simplified functionaldiagram of a system 1200 that includes an electronic device 1204, suchas a smartphone 155, an access point (AP) 1206, such as first AP 110,and one or more network devices 1207, such as communication servers,streaming media servers, and routers for example such as first andsecond servers 190A and 190B respectively. Network devices 1207 may becoupled to AP 1206 via any combination of networks, wired, wirelessand/or optical communication links such as discussed above in respect ofFIG. 1 as well as directly as indicated. Network devices 1207 arecoupled to network 100 and therein Social Networks (SOCNETS) 165, firstand second graphics editors 170A and 170B respectively, e.g. Corel™Painter™ and Adobe™ Illustrator, first and second web based graphiceditors 170C and 170D respectively, e.g. PhotoCommander™ and FatPaint™,and first and second video editing tools 175A and 175B respectively,e.g. Corel™ MobileStudio™ and Cinnerla™. The electronic device 1204includes one or more processors 1210 and a memory 1212 coupled toprocessor(s) 1210. AP 1206 also includes one or more processors 1211 anda memory 1213 coupled to processor(s) 1210. A non-exhaustive list ofexamples for any of processors 1210 and 1211 includes a centralprocessing unit (CPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), a reducedinstruction set computer (RISC), a complex instruction set computer(CISC) and the like. Furthermore, any of processors 1210 and 1211 may bepart of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or may be apart of application specific standard products (ASSPs). A non-exhaustivelist of examples for memories 1212 and 1213 includes any combination ofthe following semiconductor devices such as registers, latches, ROM,EEPROM, flash memory devices, non-volatile random access memory devices(NVRAM), SDRAM, DRAM, double data rate (DDR) memory devices, SRAM,universal serial bus (USB) removable memory, and the like.

Electronic device 1204 may include an audio input element 1214, forexample a microphone, and an audio output element 1216, for example, aspeaker, coupled to any of processors 1210. Electronic device 1204 mayinclude a video input element 1218, for example, a video camera orcamera, and a video output element 1220, for example an LCD display,coupled to any of processors 1210. Electronic device 1204 also includesa keyboard 1215 and touchpad 1217 which may for example be a physicalkeyboard and touchpad allowing the user to enter content or selectfunctions within one of more applications 1222. Alternatively thekeyboard 1215 and touchpad 1217 may be predetermined regions of a touchsensitive element forming part of the display within the electronicdevice 1204. The one or more applications 1222 that are typically storedin memory 1212 and are executable by any combination of processors 1210.Electronic device 1204 also includes accelerometer 1260 providingthree-dimensional motion input to the process 1210 and GPS 1262 whichprovides geographical location information to processor 1210.

Electronic device 1204 includes a protocol stack 1224 and AP 1206includes a communication stack 1225. Within system 1200 protocol stack1224 is shown as IEEE 802.11 protocol stack but alternatively mayexploit other protocol stacks such as an Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) multimedia protocol stack for example. Likewise AP stack 1225exploits a protocol stack but is not expanded for clarity. Elements ofprotocol stack 1224 and AP stack 1225 may be implemented in anycombination of software, firmware and/or hardware. Protocol stack 1224includes an IEEE 802.11-compatible PHY module 1226 that is coupled toone or more Front-End Tx/Rx & Antenna 1228, an IEEE 802.11-compatibleMAC module 1230 coupled to an IEEE 802.2-compatible LLC module 1232.Protocol stack 1224 includes a network layer IP module 1234, a transportlayer User Datagram Protocol (UDP) module 1236 and a transport layerTransmission Control Protocol (TCP) module 1238.

Protocol stack 1224 also includes a session layer Real Time TransportProtocol (RTP) module 1240, a Session Announcement Protocol (SAP) module1242, a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) module 1244 and a Real TimeStreaming Protocol (RTSP) module 1246. Protocol stack 1224 includes apresentation layer media negotiation module 1248, a call control module1250, one or more audio codecs 1252 and one or more video codecs 1254.Applications 1222 may be able to create maintain and/or terminatecommunication sessions with any of devices 1207 by way of AP 1206.Typically, applications 1222 may activate any of the SAP, SIP, RTSP,media negotiation and call control modules for that purpose. Typically,information may propagate from the SAP, SIP, RTSP, media negotiation andcall control modules to PHY module 1226 through TCP module 1238, IPmodule 1234, LLC module 1232 and MAC module 1230.

It would be apparent to one skilled in the art that elements of theelectronic device 1204 may also be implemented within the AP 1206including but not limited to one or more elements of the protocol stack1224, including for example an IEEE 802.11-compatible PHY module, anIEEE 802.11-compatible MAC module, and an IEEE 802.2-compatible LLCmodule 1232. The AP 1206 may additionally include a network layer IPmodule, a transport layer User Datagram Protocol (UDP) module and atransport layer Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) module as well as asession layer Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP) module, a SessionAnnouncement Protocol (SAP) module, a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)module and a Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) module, medianegotiation module, and a call control module. Portable and fixedelectronic devices represented by electronic device 1204 may include oneor more additional wireless or wired interfaces in addition to thedepicted IEEE 802.11 interface which may be selected from the groupcomprising IEEE 802.15, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, UMTS, GSM 850, GSM900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900, GPRS, ITU-R 5.138, ITU-R 5.150, ITU-R 5.280,IMT-1000, DSL, Dial-Up, DOCSIS, Ethernet, G.hn, ISDN, MoCA, PON, andPower line communication (PLC).

Now referring to FIG. 1C there is depicted a home screen 1100 of adigital graphics editor, digital painting, application, the GESGEAP,according to an embodiment of the invention, e.g. Corel™ Painter 2015.Accordingly, within the home screen 1100 a user has opened a window1100A, which may for example be untextured, textured to mimic a paper,canvas, or other surface for “painting.” Optionally, a texture may beapplied prior to the user beginning work, during their work, or upon itscompletion. Similarly, other effects may be added by the user throughthe menu bar 1110 including employing multiple layers with differenteffects and/or properties, different illuminations, etc. as known withinthe art. The user is also presented with a series of menus that can bemanipulated, docked, undocked and moved with respect to the home screen1100 and allowing the user to select, adjust, modify, add, delete, andcontrol various aspects of their interaction with the GESGEAP. Theseinclude, but are not limited to:

Mark making tool selector and summary settings 1120;

Main feature menu 1130;

General particle mark making tool menu 1140;

Particle mark making tool menu 1150;

Flow mapping menu 1160;

Canvas navigator menu 1170;

Colour menu 1180; and

Layer/channel management menu 1190.

Accordingly, within the embodiments of the invention described below andin respect of FIGS. 2 to 22 a user may select features andfunctionalities according to embodiments of the invention and establishaspects of these at different settings through such menus and others aswould be evident to one of skill in the art.

As noted supra prior art GESGEAPs in order to improve realism withingraphical images generated and/or modified by users with the GESGEAPsmark making tools provide automatic generation options in response tothe user's stroke with the mark making tool. Whilst many, of theseautomatically generated aspects of the user's stroke do indeed addperceived realisms such as varying brush pressure on application/removalfrom a canvas and/or paper or the abrupt application from activation ofa spray can nozzle for example. However, in many instances theseautomatically generated effects within the stroke are implementedthrough the application of random behaviours to the strokes whichactually appear less realistic as they reflect instances that a user,for example, painting with watercolours or oils, could not achieve.Accordingly, the inventors have established a methodology ofautomatically adding noise to the computer generated mark making toolstroke allowing aspects of the mark making tool generated to be varied.The inventors have associated the terms “feature jitter” and “jittersmoothing” to the concept and refer to mark making tools with suchjitter smoothing as jitter mark making tools and may be denoted within aGESGEAP by the addition of “jitter” within the mark making toolnomenclature to denote mark making tools with this feature according toembodiments of the invention.

For example, within Corel™ Painter 2015, such a series of mark makingtools according to embodiments of the invention are provided withindifferent categories of mark making tools including:

Airbrushes Coarse Spray Jitter; Artists Coarse Sargent Brush Jitter,Impressionist Brush Jitter, and Sargent Super Jitter; Chalks Real ChalkJitter; Gel Gel Fractal Jitter; Gouache Gouache Rake Jitter; ImpastoCaptured Impasto Blender Jitter, Coarse Impasto Jitter, and HeavyImpasto Stamp Jitter; Markers Worn Marker Jitter; Palette Knives PointedPalette Knife Brush Jitter, Pointed Palette Knife Plow Jitter; RealWatercolour Light Fringe Jitter, and Real Wet Jitter Sponge; and SpongesGrainy Jitter Sponge.

The user may through a user interface, i.e. pop-up menu, associated withtheir selected mark making tool adjust the jitter smoothing applied tothe randomness of their mark making tool impressions given them a morenatural, organic look. Accordingly, the user may control the amount ofjitter that their brush produces and, in general, the jitter control theuser can modify are determined by the jitter brush variant the userselects. For example, if the user selects “Coarse Spray Jitter” variantfrom the Airbrushes category then the user can adjust the followingcharacteristics:

Size Jitter via Size brush control panel; Feature Jitter and Flow Jittervia Airbrush brush control panel; Opacity Jitter via Opacity brushcontrol panel; and Stroke Jitter via Stroke brush control panel.

Other mark making tool controls with jitter control may include, but arenot limited, to Grain. Size, Angle, Color Expression, and Impasto.Referring to FIG. 2 there are depicted first to sixth GESGEAP effects210 to 260 respectively wherein the upper image represents the graphicalimage generated without jitter smoothing and the lower image representsthe graphical image resulting from application of the jitter smoothingaccording to embodiments of the invention. These being:

First effect 210 Airbrush Feature; Second effect 220 Airbrush Flow;Third effect 230 Grain; Fourth effect 240 Impasto; Fifth effect 250Opacity; and Sixth effect 260 Size.

Referring to FIG. 3A there are depicted first to sixth GESGEAP effects310 to 360 respectively wherein the upper image represents the graphicalimage generated without jitter smoothing and the lower image representsthe graphical image resulting from application of the jitter smoothingaccording to embodiments of the invention. These being:

First effect 310 Angle Hose; Second effect 320 Angle; Third effect 330Colour Expression; Fourth effect 340 Colour Variability from Set; Fiftheffect 350 Colour Variability; and Sixth effect 360 Stroke Jitter.

Now referring to FIG. 3B there are depicted baseline airbrush effect 370together with first and second feature jitter images 380A and 380Brespectively and first and second jitter smoothing images 390A and 390B.Accordingly, first and second smoothing images 390A and 390B represent50% and 100% smoothing settings within Corel™ Painter 2015 for theairbrush feature wherein the smoothing function would represent afeature known to one of skill in the art. In contrast, first and secondfeature jitter images 380A and 380B depict the 50% and 100% featurejitter settings within Corel™ Painter 2015 for the airbrush feature.Accordingly, it is evident that the impact of feature jitter isdifferent to that of smoothing.

The jitter feature/jitter smoothing acts differently to smoothing asevident from Equations (1) to (3) below. Referring to Equation (1) thevalue of a feature characteristic of a mark making tool, ℑ, is the sumof an initial value, ℑ₀, and a randomly generated value having upper andlower limits wherein the randomly generated value is determined independence upon an expression, e.g. sequentially generated for eachimpression of the mark making tool or element of the mark making tool.In contrast, smoothing as defined in Equation (2) takes the currentgenerated value and then applies an average value over a number ofapplications of the mark making tool or element of the mark making tool.Accordingly, the randomness is smoothed out. In contrast, the featurejitter function as defined, for example, by Equation (3) adds a noisevalue to the sum of an initial value, ℑ₀, and a randomly generated valuehaving upper and lower limits wherein the noise value added is dependentupon the feature jitter setting established within the GESGEAPautomatically by the GESGEAP or manually by the user. Equations (1) to(3) are exemplary equations only to demonstrate the prior art inEquations (1) and (2) and the invention, Equation (3). It would beevident that a variety of mathematical processes for the addition of anoise function to a randomly generated characteristic of a mark markingtool or effect generated by a mark making tool may be employed withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention.

ℑ=ℑ₀ +RND _(LOWER) ^(UPPER)(Expression)  (1)

ℑ=ℑ₀ +RND _(LOWER) ^(UPPER)(Expression)+AVG_(−N) ^(+N)(RND _(LOWER)^(UPPER)(Expression))  (2)

ℑ=ℑ₀ +RND _(LOWER) ^(UPPER)(Expression)+

_(NOISE) _(—) _(LOWER) ^(NOISE) ^(—)_(UPPER)(Espression,Jitter_Setting)  (3)

The noise function employed,

_(NOISE) _(—) _(LOWER) ^(NOISE) ^(—)^(UPPER)(Expression,Jitter_Setting), may for example be gradient noise(such as Perlin noise and Simplex noise for example), value noise,Wavelet noise, power-law noise, white noise, pink noise, brown noise,blue noise, violet noise, grey noise, red noise, green noise, blacknoise, noisy white noise, noisy black noise and additive white Gaussiannoise (AWGN).

Now referring to FIG. 4A there are depicted user help screen 4000A andgeneral particle interface 4000B for particle mark making toolsaccording to an embodiment of the invention. As depicted user helpscreen 4000A provides a user with an overview of features of particlemark making tools according to embodiments of the invention. As depictedthese features are split into three sections 400A to 400C respectivelyand are linked within FIG. 4A to the fields within general particleinterface 4000B presented to the user when employing particle markmaking tools according to embodiments of the invention. Accordingly,first to third fields 410 to 425 are associated with number and weightof particles as described in first section 400A, fourth to seventhfields 430 to 445 with particle chaos as described in second section400B, and eighth to ninth fields 450 and 455 relating to particledamping and as described in third section 400C.

In summary the fields within general particle interface 4000B are:

First field 410 Count Adjusts number of particles and hence the numberof paths rendered during a stroke of the mark making tool. Second field420 Weight Adjusts opacity of individual particle paths within the mark.Third field 425 Weight Jitter Degree of randomness added to opacity ofindividual particle paths within the mark. Fourth field 430 Global ChaosDegree of randomness applied to particle set overall so that movechaotically but in unison. Fifth field 435 Smoothness Degree ofsmoothing applied to global chaos. Sixth field 440 Local Chaos Degree ofrandomness applied to each particle individually within the mark.Seventh field4 45 Smoothness Degree of smoothing applied to local chaos.Eighth field450 Damping Damping/inertia of particles to an applied forceinducing their motion such that low damping allows particles to movefaster and be more responsive to forces affecting their movement whilsthigh damping reduces forces acting and particle movement isslower/heavier. Ninth field455 Damping Jitter Variability indamping/inertia with the set of particles. Tenth field460 Force Appliesa global directional force to all particle movement, and can beconsidered an effect such as wind, fluid flow, uniform gravity etc.Eleventh field465 Direction Allows direction of the force to bespecified. Twelfth field470 Flow (Force) Map Adjusts the weightingapplied to a stored map of force which may be applied to the particleset during motion of the mark making tool, e.g. local gravity variationsetc. Thirteenth field 475 Flow Map Control Panel Allows selection of theforce map from presets and/or user generated or selected images.Fourteenth field 480 Expression - Force Allows the force value to bedynamically controlled through an expression factor. Fifteenth field 485Expression - Direction Allows the direction value to be dynamicallycontrolled through an expression factor. Sixteenth field 490Expression - Global Chaos Allows the global chaos value to bedynamically controlled through an expression factor. Seventeenth field495 Expression - Local Chaos Allows the local chaos value to bedynamically controlled through an expression factor.

A force (flow) map as described and depicted in respect of Expressionsmay include, but are not limited to, velocity (i.e. speed of user strokemotion), direction, pressure (e.g., stylus upon tablet measuringpressure/force as well as location. motion, wheel, tilt, bearing,rotation, source of the gesture, and random. It would also be evidentthat other expressions, and a source of the gesture, may be employedincluding, but not be limited to, accelerometer or accelerometer deriveddata, tracked motion of a user or a predetermined portion of a user, anexternal image or image source, an external audiovisual source oraudiovisual content, an external multimedia source or multimediacontent, biometric data of a user, and an item of environmental data.

Referring to FIG. 4B there are depicted examples of particle mark makingtools according to an embodiment of the invention. Such particle markmaking tools are physics-inspired mark making tools that emit particlesfrom a predetermined point, e.g. the centre, and the particles draw apattern of lines (paths) as they cross the working area (e.g. screen orvirtual canvas). As depicted there are three types of particle markmaking tools, namely flow 4100, gravity 4200, and spring embodied byfirst to third spring tools 4300 to 4500 respectively which depictradial, ring, and mesh particle distributions. It would be evident thatother particle spring configurations may be employed according toembodiments of the invention including, for example, those derived fromgeometric shapes, geometric patterns, and user defined shapes.Similarly, the gravity 4200 may employ alternate particle configurationssuch as those depicted in first to third spring tools 4300 to 4500respectively as well as others not depicted as would be evident to oneskilled in the art. It would be further evident that other physicalforces and effects may be employed within alternate particle mark makingtools according to embodiments of the invention including, for example,magnetism, electromagnetism, pendula, and gears/chains. Further, suchparticle mark making tools are examples of physics-inspired or physicaleffect controlled mark making tools according to embodiments of theinvention that either emit particles from a point or points, e.g. thecentre, or the particles form part of a grouping then these may generatea pattern of points, isolated elements, paths, patterns of lines, mesh,mesh fills, or other rendering methods as they and their associated markmaking tools cross the working area, e.g. the display screen and/orvirtual canvas.

Referring to FIG. 5 there are depicted examples of flow particle markmaking tool presets according to embodiments of the invention within aGESGEAP. As depicted in first to third images 500A to 500C flow particlemark making tools are basically defined within the embodiment of theinvention depicted by a position jitter and chaos (first image 500A)wherein the positional jitter, an expression of positional jitter, andflow map characteristics are set through a flow menu depicted in secondimage 500B. Third image 500C depicts a list of flow particle mark makingtool presets according to embodiments of the invention which are thendepicted in negative in fourth to sixth images 500D to 500F respectivelyand positive in seventh to ninth images 500G to 5001 respectively. Thesebeing entitled:

Flow Aurora;

Flow Colour Expression;

Flow Flare;

Flow Map Dancer;

Flow Map Enhancer;

Flow Organic Texture;

Flow Rainbow Sprinkler;

Flow Sparkler Glow;

Flow Water Effect; and

Flow Fur.

Accordingly, each flow particle mark making tool preset in addition tosetting the flow menu depicted in second image 500B sets the count,weight, weight jitter, global chaos, smoothness, local chaos,smoothness, damping, damping jitter, force, and direction within theparticle general menu such as depicted supra in general particleinterface 4000B in FIG. 4A. Optionally, flow particle mark making toolpresets may differ only in settings within the flow menu 500B or generalparticle interface 4000B rather than both.

FIG. 6 depicts examples of gravity particle mark making tool presetsaccording to embodiments of the invention within a GESGEAP. As depictedin first to third images 600A to 600C gravity particle mark making toolsare basically defined within the embodiment of the invention depicted byvelocity, acceleration, and spin rate (first image 600A) wherein thevelocity, acceleration, and spin rate are set through a gravity particlemenu depicted in second image 600B. Third image 600C depicts a list ofgravity particle mark making tool presets according to embodiments ofthe invention which are then depicted in negative in fourth to fifthimages 500D and 500E respectively and positive in sixth and seventhimages 600F and 600G respectively. These being entitled:

Gravity Bristle;

Gravity Concept Build;

Gravity Deco Streamline;

Gravity Grainy Orbiter;

Gravity Jagged Light Pen;

Gravity Lazy Sketch; and

Gravity Sketch.

Accordingly, each gravity particle mark making tool preset in additionto setting the gravity particle menu depicted in second image 600B setsthe count, weight, weight jitter, global chaos, smoothness, local chaos,smoothness, damping, damping jitter, force, and direction within theparticle general menu such as depicted supra in general particleinterface 4000B in FIG. 4A. Optionally, gravity particle mark makingtool presets may differ only in settings within the gravity particlemenu 600B or general particle interface 4000B rather than both.

FIG. 7 depicts examples of spring based mark making tool presetsaccording to embodiments of the invention within a GESGEAP. As depictedin first to third images 700A to 700C spring particle mark making toolsare basically defined within the embodiment of the invention depicted bypath opacity, link opacity, stiffness of springs, length jitter ofindividual springs, and minimum spring length (first image 700A) whereinthe path opacity, link opacity, stiffness of springs, length jitter ofindividual springs, and minimum spring length characteristics are setthrough a spring particle menu depicted in second image 700B togetherwith the format of the spring particle set, as in radial, ring, or mesh,such as described supra in respect of first to third spring tools 4300to 4500 respectively in FIG. 4B. Third image 700C depicts a list ofspring particle mark making tool presets according to embodiments of theinvention which are then depicted in negative in fourth to sixth images700D to 700F respectively and positive in seventh to ninth images 700Gto 7001 respectively. These being entitled:

Spring Chain Smokey;

Spring Chunky;

Spring Cobweb;

Spring Concept Creature;

Spring Concept Scribble;

Spring Feather Sketch;

Spring Fireball;

Spring Flame Glow;

Spring Frayed Rope Glow;

Spring Jelly Tube;

Spring Mesh Concept;

Spring Nucleus Smokey;

Spring Rainbow Silk;

Spring Silk Flower;

Spring Silk Ribbon; and

Spring Variable Dream.

Accordingly, each spring particle mark making tool preset in addition tosetting the spring menu depicted in second image 500B sets the count,weight, weight jitter, global chaos, smoothness, local chaos,smoothness, damping, damping jitter, force, and direction within theparticle general menu such as depicted supra in general particleinterface 4000B in FIG. 4A. Optionally, spring particle mark making toolpresets may differ only in settings within the flow menu 500B or generalparticle interface 4000B rather than both.

Examples of marks generated by a pair of spring based mark making toolpresets according to embodiments of the invention within a GESGEAP aredepicted in FIG. 8 for the “Spring Chunky” 800A and “Spring VariableDream” 800B presets together with their general particle interfaceswhere it can be seen that the tools differ primarily in global and localchaos. Whilst they are depicted in black and white it would not beapparent to a reader of the specification that the two also differ intheir treatment of colour as evident from the first and second colourvariability menu settings for the “Spring Chunky” 800A and “SpringVariable Dream” 800B respectively.

Flow particle mark making tools emit short-lived particles which “flow”from the centre of the mark making tool across the workspace andgradually fade. In effect they may be considered to resemble rockets orfireworks which as they flow encounter forces that change their pathresulting in chaotic or controlled movement according to the force andits characteristics. Alternatively, they may be thought of asshort-lived particles of a fluid. As such flow mark making tools areeasily influenced by force, chaos, and flow maps as evident from thefigures and descriptions below. As evident from the flow menu depictedin second image 500B in FIG. 5 specific flow particle mark making toolcontrols include:

-   -   Position Jitter—allows the starting position of the particles to        be varied as evident from first and second images 900D and 900E        in FIG. 9B respectively for low and high position jitter        settings respectively. Further this may be linked to an        expression;    -   Randomize Chaos—allows the chaos applied to the flow particles        to be randomized for a more organic look as evident from third        and fourth images 900F and 900G respectively with randomized        chaos off and on respectively; and    -   Enhance Flow Map—including Edge and Brightness sliders which        modify the mark making tool stroke based upon the edge and        brightness of the flow map selected.

Now referring to FIG. 9B depicts an effect of an expression, force, upona flow particle mark making tool according to an embodiment of theinvention within a GESGEAP. As depicted in first to third images 900A to900B the value of force for a mark making tool preset was varied at 0%,50%, and 100% values. Accordingly, for approximately similar motion inthe user's stroke the resulting movement of the particles within a flowparticle mark making tool can be seen to increase as the effective forceapplied to the particles increases. Optionally, the force may be subjectto an expression such that a characteristic of the user's stroke definesthe force, e.g. the direction of the stroke, the velocity of the stroke,etc. In other embodiments of the invention the force may, for example,be linked to other external controls including, but not limited,multimedia file content, audiovisual content, audio content, audiovolume, pseudo-random number generator, database values, environmentalparameters, and user biometric data.

Referring to FIG. 10 depicts an effect of particle count upon a flowparticle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the inventionwithin a GESGEAP as the count is varied at 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and100% wherein the weight jitter was set to 50%. Accordingly, the countsets the number of particles in a mark making tool stroke and hence thenumber of paths rendered during the mark making tool stroke. Particlecount is a control common to all particle mark making tools describedwithin this specification, flow, gravity and spring. With other markmaking tools rendering according to other physical and/or non-physicalrules particle count may or may not be a control. It would be evidentthat the actual setting of the particle count may be set at any integervalue between 0% and 100% or alternatively the range may be specified byother means and/or the user may enter either a range value numericallyor the count directly numerically.

Similarly, all particle mark making tools described within thisspecification, flow, gravity and spring, also share global chaos andlocal chaos as common controls. Global chaos refers to the chaos appliedto all particles equally so that they move chaotically but in unison.Local chaos then applies chaos randomly to individual particles withinthe mark making tool. Each of the global chaos and local chaos also hasan associated smoothing control for smoothing the chaos for a moreorganic look and each of the global and local chaos may be associatedwith an expression, e.g. global chaos may be direction of controllermotion whilst local chaos is velocity of controller or vide-versa orother combinations according to the characteristics of the mark makingtool controller. As such referring to FIGS. 11 to 14 there are depictedthe effects of global and local chaos onto a flow particle mark makingtool, Flow Flare, according to an embodiment of the invention within aGESGEAP, wherein for each from upper to lower the settings were for<GlobalChaos:LocalChaos>:

FIG. 11 <0%:0%> <50%:0%> <100%:0%>;   FIG. 12 <50%:0%>   <50%:50%><50%:100%>; FIG. 13 <100%:0%>  <100%:50%> <100%:100%>; and FIG. 14<0%:0%> <0%; 50%>  <0%:100%>

It would be evident that the actual setting of the global and/or localchaos values may be set at any integer value between 0% and 100% using acontrol such as the slider depicted in the images or alternatively therange may be specified by other means and/or the user may enter either arange value numerically or the count directly numerically.

Referring to FIG. 15 depicts the particles with increasing particlecount for a flow particle mark making tool according to an embodiment ofthe invention within a GESGEAP as the count is varied at 0%, 20%, 40%,60%, and 100% respectively. Accordingly, the count sets the number ofparticles in a mark making tool stroke and hence the number of pathsrendered during the mark making tool stroke. Particle count is a controlcommon to all particle mark making tools described within thisspecification, flow, gravity and spring. With other mark making toolsrendering according to other physical and/or non-physical rules particlecount may or may not be a control. These particles are only depicted, insome embodiments of the invention, during activity with the mark makingtool and are not stored and maintained although their paths are eithermaintained as the mark itself or influence the mark itself. However,they provide a visual indicator to the user during use of the particlemark making tool as to the effects of various common particle markmaking tool controls and particle type specific particle mark makingtool controls. It would be evident that the actual setting of theparticle count may be set at any integer value between 0% and 100% oralternatively the range may be specified by other means and/or the usermay enter either a range value numerically or the count directlynumerically. However, in other embodiments of the invention theparticles and/or the paths of the particles may generate a pattern ofpoints, isolated elements, paths, patterns of lines, mesh, mesh fills,or other rendering methods as they and their associated mark makingtools cross the working area, e.g. the display screen and/or virtualcanvas.

Now referring to FIG. 16 depicts the effect of flow mapping upon flowparticle mark making tools according to embodiments of the inventionwithin a GESGEAP. Flow maps allow the user to create textured surfacesthat direct the flow of particles and hence the paths they generate. Theflow map may be one from a library, e.g. paper textures, metal finishes,etc. or it may generated from scratch or based upon a variant of anexisting flow map. With any such flow map the scale and contrast may bevaried. First and second images 1600A and 1600B depict the applicationof a flow map to a Flow Fur Tail flow mark making tool with a flow mapat 0% and 100% weighting wherein the effect of the flow map can beclearly seen in respect of generating the structure present within thesecond image 1600B. A flow (force) map may be one or more forms ofdigital content either stored in the appropriate format for the GESGEAPto load and employ according to its specifications, stored in adifferent format and converted by the GESGEAP or generated by theGESGEAP directly.

A force (flow) map as described and depicted in respect of embodimentsof the invention include, but are not limited to, data associated with aone dimensional data set, two dimensional data set, or a threedimensional data set or a subset of a N-dimensional data set. Forexample, one dimensional data may be velocity (i.e. speed of user strokemotion), direction, pressure (e.g., stylus upon tablet measuringpressure/force as well as location. motion, wheel, tilt, bearing,rotation, source of the gesture, or randomly generated. Alternatively, aforce (flow) map may be derived from an axis or multiple axis dataassociated with, for example, an accelerometer or accelerometer deriveddata, tracked motion of a user, and the tracked motion of an object orarray of objects. A force (flow) map may also be derived from anexternal image, an external image source, a GESGEAP acquired image,external audiovisual source, external audiovisual content, externalmultimedia source, external multimedia content, biometric data of auser, and an item or items of environmental data. Within otherembodiments of the invention the force (flow) map may be generated via amathematical formula or mathematical formulae in which case no storageof the force (flow) map may be required although a generated “map” maybe cached temporarily for use to remove the need for repeatedrecalculation of the force (flow) map.

Third to seventh images 1610 to 1630 respectively depict the same FlowFur Tail mark making tool applied to a different flow map at weightingsof 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% respectively. In contrast eighth tothirteenth images 1650 to 1675 respectively depict the same Flow FurTail mark making tool applied to a different flow maps with constant 50%weighting. Tenth image 1660 and third to seventh images 1610 to 1630respectively were actually generated with the same flow map but at twodifferent scales for the tenth image 1660 and the third to seventhimages 1610 to 1630 respectively.

Gravity particle mark making tools create sweeping marks that shrink andgrow with movement. The particles of a gravity particle mark making tooleffect the movement of planetary system such that the motion of theparticles are influence by velocity, acceleration and other forces.Depending upon mark making tool stroke speed, for example, particles maystay tight within the mark making tool or they can be pulled apart byforces, inertia, etc. As such gravity particle mark making tools areinfluenced by forces and flow maps for example as less by chaos. Inaddition to the common particle mark making tool commands then asevident from the gravity flow menu depicted in second image 600B in FIG.6 specific gravity particle mark making tool controls include:

-   -   Velocity—allows the base speed of all the particles to be set        and is used in conjunction with the acceleration control to        control the forward movement of the particles within the gravity        mark making tool;    -   Acceleration—sets the distance between the gravity particle        paths; and    -   Spin Rate—sets the speed at which gravity particles spin around        the mark making tool. Slower spin rates allow the particles to        track the mark making took controller closely whilst higher spin        rates allow the particles to travel further away from the mark        making tool controller.

Referring to FIGS. 17 and 18 depict the effects of spin and velocityexpression of spin respectively for gravity particles within a gravityparticle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the inventionwithin a GESGEAP. Within FIG. 17 in first image 1700 there are depictedGrainy Orbiter gravity mark making tool marks as the spin rate is variedfrom 0% to 30%, 60%, and 100%. Second image 1750 depicts the same GrainyOrbiter gravity mark making tool marks but now with the expressionvelocity applied to spin as the mark making tool controller is movedfrom slow to fast (left to right). In FIG. 18 depict a mark making toolmark for low velocity and acceleration in first image 1800A and withhigh velocity and acceleration in second image 1800B. Similarly, thirdimage 1800C depicts a mark making tool mark set to low spin rate whilstfourth image 1800D depicts the same mark making tool but at high spinrate.

Now referring to FIG. 19 there are depicted spring particleconfigurations for spring particle mark making tools according toembodiments of the invention within a GESGEAP wherein these are radial1910, ring 920, and mesh 1930. These spring particle mark making toolconfigurations represent just three of a plurality of designs wherein aset of particles are held together by elastic springs. As such springparticle mark making tools create marks that do not spread out acrossthe workspace but rather absent any other force or controller actionbounce back towards the centre of the mark making tool. Thecharacteristics of the mark making tool exploiting spring particles isdetermined both by the number and interconnection of the particles butalso the stiffness/flexibility of the springs between adjacentparticles. Within the presets described with respect to embodiments ofthe invention the interconnection of particles is predefined. However,optionally a user may define the interconnections and/or import aparticle sequence defining the particles and their interconnections.

In addition to the common particle mark making tool commands then asevident from the spring particle menu depicted in second image 700B inFIG. 7 specific spring particle mark making tool controls include:

-   -   Appearance—allows the design, for example, to be radial        (nucleus) 1910, ring (chain) 1920, and mesh (geometric) 1930;    -   Path Opacity sets the opacity of the particle paths, i.e. the        mark that each particle makes as part of the spring particle        mark making tool;    -   Spring Opacity sets the opacity of the springs between the        particles, i.e. invisible=0%, full opacity=100%;    -   Stiffness allows the user to control the strength of the springs        wherein low values produce more relaxed spring which allow the        particles to move more freely in relation to one another.        Stiffness can also be associated with an expression.    -   Stiffness Jitter establishes variability in the stiffness of the        springs such that the jitter is applied to all springs yielding        a series of interconnections with varying stiffness;    -   Length Jitter provides a random variation in the length of the        springs between particles; and    -   Minimum Length establishes an initial length for the springs.

Referring to FIG. 20 depicts the effect of spring stiffness upon a meshspring particle mark making tools according to embodiments of theinvention within a GESGEAP as the spring stiffness is varied from 100%to 50% to 0% in first to third images 2010 to 2030 respectively. Asspring stiffness reduces then the mark collapses under motion. Nowreferring to FIG. 21A there is depicted the effect of global chaos upona mesh spring particle mark making tools according to an embodiment ofthe invention within a GESGEAP wherein the global chaos is increasedfrom 100% to 50% to 0% in first to third images 2110 to 2130respectively. Accordingly, as the mark making tool is moved with lowstiffness the particles take time to react and respond unlike the casewhere the springs have high stiffness as evident in fourth and fifthimages 2110D and 2110E respectively where a mesh spring particle markmaking tool is moved with low stiffness in fourth image 2110D and highstiffness in 2110E such that in the latter the resulting mark is tighterto the stroke of the mark making tool than in fourth image 2110D whereinas the mark making tool changes direction particles do not react asquickly maintaining their trajectory and leading to larger more openmark.

Now referring to FIG. 21B there are depicted the effects of effects ofopacity and spring length upon a spring particle mark making toolsaccording to embodiments of the invention within a GESGEAP. Accordingly,first and second images 2170 and 2175 respectively depict mark makingtool strokes of a stiff ring mesh for high path opacity—low springopacity and low path opacity—high spring opacity respectively.Accordingly, surfaces can be shown essentially in different mannersthrough simple adjustment of opacity. Also depicted in FIG. 21B are theeffects of length jitter upon a mark making tool impression whereinthird image 2180 depicts an impression made with a mark making tool withlow length jitter and fourth image 2185 depicts an impression made witha mark making tool with high length jitter wherein it is evident thatthe increasing length jitter results in a non-uniform ring mark makingtool compared with nearly circular mark making tool generating theimpression in third image 2180C. Fifth and sixth images 2190 and 2195respectively depict the effect of spring length on the mark making tool.

Referring to FIG. 22 there are depicted the effects of global and localchaos upon particle positioning for particles within a ring springparticle mark making tool according to an embodiment of the inventionwithin a GESGEAP. In first image 2200 a gravity particle mark makingtool has been configured with the expression of direction against spinrate and the direction angle set to 0°. Accordingly in the horizontaldirection the particles within the gravity particle mark making toolspin around the mark making tool stroke whereas in the verticaldirection no such spinning is evident. Similarly, setting velocity tospin rate yields second image 2250 wherein at low velocity motion of themark making tool the spin is “low” yielding larger loops compared to thehigh velocity motion of the mark making tool wherein the spin is “high”yielding tighter smaller loops. It would be evident to one skilled inthe art that the spin as well as other settings associated with thegravity particle menu, e.g. as depicted in second image 600B in FIG. 6,and upper right corners of first and second images 2200 and 2250respectively, may defined by numerical ranges, figurative ranges (e.g.“low” to “high”) or others. Optionally, spin may be subject to anexpression such as described supra in respect of other aspects andembodiments of the invention.

Now referring to FIG. 23 there are depicted the effects of global andlocal chaos upon particle positioning for particles within a particlemark making tool according to an embodiment of the invention within aGESGEAP as captured at initial motion of the mark making tool whereinthe particle positions are from marks made with small controller motionsbetween them. According as depicted in first and second images 2310 and2320 low global chaos and low local chaos results in particleconfigurations that are similar to one another but as evident from thirdand fourth images 2330 and 2340 high global chaos with low local chaosresults in substantial displacement between the mark making tools butthe overall positioning of the particles within each mark making toolimpression is ordered due to the low chaos.

Correspondingly as depicted in fifth and sixth images 2350 and 2360 lowglobal chaos and high local chaos results in particle configurationsthat are centered close to one another but the specific particledistributions are now different and no apparent structure of the markmaking tool appears. This is then accentuated as evident from seventhand eighth images 2370 and 2370 where high global chaos with high localchaos results in substantial displacement between the mark making toolsand different particle distributions within each mark making toolimpression.

Within the descriptions supra in respect of embodiments of the inventionparticles may be short-lived particles generated at least one of at theinitial selection of the mark making tool, at the initial use of themark making tool, and during use of the mark making tool. Alternatively,the lifetime (or half-life) and rate of renewal of the particles may beset through a setting of the mark making tool. Similarly physical and/ornon-physical links between particles, such as springs for example, maybe short lived springs generated at least one of at the initialselection of the mark making tool, at the initial use of the mark makingtool, and during use of the mark making tool. Alternatively, thelifetime (or half-life) and rate of renewal of the springs may be setthrough a setting of the mark making tool such that whilst initiallybound over the stroke the particles become unbound. Further, suchphysical and/or non-physical links between particles, such as springsfor example, may be connected to the same sub-set of the plurality ofparticles during the use of the mark making tool or alternatively theymay be connected to different sub-sets of the plurality of particlesduring the use of the mark making tool.

Specific details are given in the above description to provide athorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it is understoodthat the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.For example, circuits may be shown in block diagrams in order not toobscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances,well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniquesmay be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring theembodiments.

Implementation of the techniques, blocks, steps and means describedabove may be done in various ways. For example, these techniques,blocks, steps and means may be implemented in hardware, software, or acombination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing unitsmay be implemented within one or more application specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signalprocessing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), fieldprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers,micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed toperform the functions described above and/or a combination thereof.

Also, it is noted that the embodiments may be described as a processwhich is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, astructure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describethe operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can beperformed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of theoperations may be rearranged. A process is terminated when itsoperations are completed, but could have additional steps not includedin the figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, aprocedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process correspondsto a function, its termination corresponds to a return of the functionto the calling function or the main function.

Furthermore, embodiments may be implemented by hardware, software,scripting languages, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardwaredescription languages and/or any combination thereof. When implementedin software, firmware, middleware, scripting language and/or microcode,the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks may bestored in a machine readable medium, such as a storage medium. A codesegment or machine-executable instruction may represent a procedure, afunction, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, asoftware package, a script, a class, or any combination of instructions,data structures and/or program statements. A code segment may be coupledto another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/orreceiving information, data, arguments, parameters and/or memorycontent. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed,forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memorysharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc.

For a firmware and/or software implementation, the methodologies may beimplemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) thatperform the functions described herein. Any machine-readable mediumtangibly embodying instructions may be used in implementing themethodologies described herein. For example, software codes may bestored in a memory. Memory may be implemented within the processor orexternal to the processor and may vary in implementation where thememory is employed in storing software codes for subsequent execution tothat when the memory is employed in executing the software codes. Asused herein the term “memory” refers to any type of long term, shortterm, volatile, nonvolatile, or other storage medium and is not to belimited to any particular type of memory or number of memories, or typeof media upon which memory is stored.

Moreover, as disclosed herein, the term “storage medium” may representone or more devices for storing data, including read only memory (ROM),random access memory (RAM), magnetic RAM, core memory, magnetic diskstorage mediums, optical storage mediums, flash memory devices and/orother machine readable mediums for storing information. The term“machine-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to portable orfixed storage devices, optical storage devices, wireless channels and/orvarious other mediums capable of storing, containing or carryinginstruction(s) and/or data.

The methodologies described herein are, in one or more embodiments,performable by a machine which includes one or more processors thataccept code segments containing instructions. For any of the methodsdescribed herein, when the instructions are executed by the machine, themachine performs the method. Any machine capable of executing a set ofinstructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be takenby that machine are included. Thus, a typical machine may be exemplifiedby a typical processing system that includes one or more processors.Each processor may include one or more of a CPU, a graphics-processingunit, and a programmable DSP unit. The processing system further mayinclude a memory subsystem including main RAM and/or a static RAM,and/or ROM. A bus subsystem may be included for communicating betweenthe components. If the processing system requires a display, such adisplay may be included, e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD). If manualdata entry is required, the processing system also includes an inputdevice such as one or more of an alphanumeric input unit such as akeyboard, a pointing control device such as a mouse, and so forth.

The memory includes machine-readable code segments (e.g. software orsoftware code) including instructions for performing, when executed bythe processing system, one of more of the methods described herein. Thesoftware may reside entirely in the memory, or may also reside,completely or at least partially, within the RAM and/or within theprocessor during execution thereof by the computer system. Thus, thememory and the processor also constitute a system comprisingmachine-readable code.

In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone deviceor may be connected, e.g., networked to other machines, in a networkeddeployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or aclient machine in server-client network environment, or as a peermachine in a peer-to-peer or distributed network environment. Themachine may be, for example, a computer, a server, a cluster of servers,a cluster of computers, a web appliance, a distributed computingenvironment, a cloud computing environment, or any machine capable ofexecuting a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specifyactions to be taken by that machine. The term “machine” may also betaken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointlyexecute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one ormore of the methodologies discussed herein.

The foregoing disclosure of the exemplary embodiments of the presentinvention has been presented for purposes of illustration anddescription. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit theinvention to the precise forms disclosed. Many variations andmodifications of the embodiments described herein will be apparent toone of ordinary skill in the art in light of the above disclosure. Thescope of the invention is to be defined only by the claims appendedhereto, and by their equivalents.

Further, in describing representative embodiments of the presentinvention, the specification may have presented the method and/orprocess of the present invention as a particular sequence of steps.However, to the extent that the method or process does not rely on theparticular order of steps set forth herein, the method or process shouldnot be limited to the particular sequence of steps described. As one ofordinary skill in the art would appreciate, other sequences of steps maybe possible. Therefore, the particular order of the steps set forth inthe specification should not be construed as limitations on the claims.In addition, the claims directed to the method and/or process of thepresent invention should not be limited to the performance of theirsteps in the order written, and one skilled in the art can readilyappreciate that the sequences may be varied and still remain within thespirit and scope of the present invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of generating a mark making toolimpression having a characteristic determined by a pseudo-randomvariable during its generation comprising adding a predetermined noisefunction to an original mark making tool impression generated independence upon at least the pseudo-random variable.
 2. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the predetermined noise function is atleast one of Perlin noise, Simplex noise, gradient noise, value noise,wavelet noise, power-law noise, white noise, noise with a predeterminedspectral weighting, and additive white Gaussian noise.
 3. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the predetermined noise function appliedto the original mark making tool impression is established in dependenceupon a setting relating to the mark making tool generating the markmaking tool impression.
 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein thesetting for the scaling of the predetermined noise function isestablished based upon either selection of the mark making tool or auser.
 5. A method of generating a mark making tool impressioncomprising: establishing a mark making tool comprising at least oneparticle of a plurality of particles; associating a property to eachparticle of the plurality of particles; applying at least one physicaleffect to the plurality of particles during the generation of animpression using the mark making tool.
 6. The method according to claim5, wherein the sequential positions of the plurality of particlesgenerate the mark making tool impression as at least one of a path foreach particle of the plurality of particles, a bitmap impression at eachsequential position, a shape generated by an algorithm in dependenceupon positions of the plurality of particles, a shape generated by analgorithm in dependence upon the position of the particle of theplurality of particles,
 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein theposition of each particle of the plurality of particles is establishedthrough an action of a user of a controller controlling the position ofthe mark making tool and at least one of a position jitter, apseudo-randomly generated offset, and the action of a flow map.
 8. Themethod according to claim 7, wherein at least one of: the plurality ofparticles behave as a fluid and the flow map provides a surface profileadjusting the flow of the fluid; and the plurality of particles act asmagnetic particle and the flow map provides a magnetic field profileadjusting the attraction and repelling of the plurality of particles. 9.The method according to claim 5, wherein the plurality of particles areshort lived particles generated at least one of at the initial selectionof the mark making tool, at the initial use of the mark making tool, andduring use of the mark making tool.
 10. The method according to claim 5,wherein the position of each particle of the plurality of particles isestablished through an action of a user of a controller controlling theposition of the mark making tool and each particle reacts to the motionof the controller in dependence upon at least one of a velocity,acceleration, and spin rate associated with the particle of theplurality of particles.
 11. The method according to claim 5, wherein theposition of each particle of the plurality of particles is establishedthrough an action of a user of a controller controlling the position ofthe mark making tool and is established in dependence upon at least oneof planetary motion of the particle relative to the centre of the markmaking tool and at least one of a position jitter, a pseudo-randomlygenerated offset, and the action of a flow map.
 12. The method accordingto claim 11, wherein the plurality of particles act as planetary objectsand the flow map provides a gravity distribution adjusting their motion.13. The method according to claim 5, wherein the position of eachparticle of the plurality of particles is established through an actionof a user of a controller controlling the position of the mark makingtool and the action of a net of springs interconnecting the plurality ofparticles in a predetermined manner.
 14. The method according to claim13, wherein the predetermined manner is at least one of radially from apredetermined number of centres, as the boundary of a predeterminedgeometric shape, as a mesh, and according to a mathematical equation.15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the position of eachparticle of the plurality of particles is established through an actionof a user of a controller controlling the position of the mark makingtool and the action of a net of springs interconnecting the plurality ofparticles in a predetermined manner and at least one of a positionjitter, a pseudo-randomly generated offset, and the action of a flowmap.
 16. The method according to claim 13, wherein the position of eachparticle of the plurality of particles is established through an actionof a user of a controller controlling the position of the mark makingtool and the action of a net of springs interconnecting the plurality ofparticles in a predetermined manner and at least one of a stiffness, adamping, and a length associated with each spring.
 17. The methodaccording to claim 16, wherein the flow map provides for variations inthe at least one of the stiffness, the damping, and the lengthassociated with each spring.
 18. The method according to claim 13,wherein a first predetermined portion of the mark making tool impressiongenerated with the mark making tool is the positions of the particles;and a second predetermined portion of the mark making tool impressiongenerated with the mark making tool is representations of the springs.19. A method of generating a mark making tool impression comprising:establishing a mark making tool comprising at least one particle of aplurality of particles; associating a property to each particle of theplurality of particles; applying at least one physical effect to theplurality of particles during the generation of an impression using themark making tool; and varying an aspect of the at least one physicaleffect in dependence upon a characteristic of a controller being used bya user to generate the mark making tool impression.
 20. The methodaccording to claim 19, wherein the characteristic of the controller isat least one of a velocity, a direction, a pressure, a wheel position, atilt, a bearing, a rotation, the controller, an environmental parameter,and a biometric parameter.
 21. The method according to claim 19, whereinthe physical effect is a real world effect or an effect generated by anindividual having no real world equivalent.
 22. The method according toclaim 13, wherein at least one of: the plurality of particles are shortlived particles generated at least one of at the initial selection ofthe mark making tool, at the initial use of the mark making tool, andduring use of the mark making tool; the springs within the net ofsprings are short lived spring generated at least one of at the initialselection of the mark making tool, at the initial use of the mark makingtool, and during use of the mark making tool; and each spring within thenet of springs is at least one of connected to the same sub-set of theplurality of particles during the use of the mark making tool andconnected to different sub-sets of the plurality of particles during theuse of the mark making tool.